1 00:00:17,160 --> 00:00:20,120 undefined 2 00:00:20,120 --> 00:00:23,440 undefined 3 00:00:26,880 --> 00:00:30,480 undefined 4 00:00:31,560 --> 00:00:33,920 undefined 5 00:00:38,280 --> 00:00:41,280 undefined undefined 6 00:00:41,280 --> 00:00:43,160 undefined 7 00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:49,320 undefined undefined 8 00:00:49,320 --> 00:00:53,320 undefined undefined 9 00:00:53,320 --> 00:00:56,560 undefined 10 00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:01,440 undefined 11 00:01:01,440 --> 00:01:03,920 undefined 12 00:01:03,920 --> 00:01:05,520 undefined 13 00:01:05,520 --> 00:01:08,000 undefined 14 00:01:09,440 --> 00:01:10,560 undefined 15 00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:13,640 undefined 16 00:01:13,640 --> 00:01:15,720 undefined undefined 17 00:01:15,720 --> 00:01:20,960 undefined undefined 18 00:01:20,960 --> 00:01:23,600 undefined 19 00:01:23,600 --> 00:01:25,160 undefined 20 00:01:25,160 --> 00:01:27,240 undefined 21 00:01:27,240 --> 00:01:31,320 undefined undefined 22 00:01:31,320 --> 00:01:35,520 undefined undefined 23 00:01:35,520 --> 00:01:39,080 undefined 24 00:01:39,080 --> 00:01:42,600 undefined undefined 25 00:01:45,680 --> 00:01:50,200 undefined undefined 26 00:01:50,200 --> 00:01:54,280 undefined undefined 27 00:01:54,280 --> 00:01:57,440 undefined undefined 28 00:01:57,440 --> 00:02:02,280 undefined undefined 29 00:02:59,800 --> 00:03:05,440 undefined undefined 30 00:03:05,440 --> 00:03:11,320 undefined undefined 31 00:03:17,480 --> 00:03:18,760 undefined 32 00:03:21,800 --> 00:03:26,760 undefined undefined 33 00:03:26,760 --> 00:03:29,320 undefined 34 00:03:30,760 --> 00:03:32,040 undefined 35 00:03:33,440 --> 00:03:37,560 undefined undefined 36 00:03:37,560 --> 00:03:41,520 undefined undefined 37 00:03:43,800 --> 00:03:45,760 undefined 38 00:03:45,760 --> 00:03:48,600 undefined undefined 39 00:03:49,920 --> 00:03:52,720 undefined undefined 40 00:03:52,720 --> 00:03:55,280 undefined 41 00:03:55,280 --> 00:03:56,720 undefined 42 00:03:59,840 --> 00:04:06,040 undefined undefined 43 00:04:06,040 --> 00:04:07,400 undefined 44 00:04:10,160 --> 00:04:14,640 undefined undefined 45 00:04:14,640 --> 00:04:16,640 undefined 46 00:04:17,840 --> 00:04:19,560 undefined 47 00:04:21,320 --> 00:04:23,280 undefined 48 00:04:23,280 --> 00:04:26,880 undefined undefined 49 00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:30,480 undefined undefined 50 00:04:31,640 --> 00:04:34,200 undefined 51 00:04:38,960 --> 00:04:41,720 undefined 52 00:04:41,720 --> 00:04:44,280 undefined undefined 53 00:04:46,520 --> 00:04:49,440 undefined undefined 54 00:04:51,640 --> 00:04:55,480 undefined undefined 55 00:04:56,920 --> 00:05:03,120 undefined undefined 56 00:05:06,600 --> 00:05:07,800 undefined 57 00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:09,840 undefined 58 00:05:10,960 --> 00:05:12,000 undefined 59 00:05:14,840 --> 00:05:16,240 undefined 60 00:05:18,120 --> 00:05:20,920 undefined 61 00:05:23,160 --> 00:05:27,760 undefined undefined 62 00:05:30,560 --> 00:05:35,800 undefined undefined 63 00:05:35,800 --> 00:05:42,080 undefined undefined 64 00:05:42,080 --> 00:05:44,760 undefined undefined 65 00:05:44,760 --> 00:05:46,640 undefined 66 00:05:46,640 --> 00:05:50,440 undefined 67 00:05:57,360 --> 00:06:02,840 undefined undefined 68 00:06:02,840 --> 00:06:06,920 undefined undefined 69 00:06:07,920 --> 00:06:09,320 undefined 70 00:06:09,320 --> 00:06:10,440 undefined 71 00:06:11,960 --> 00:06:13,120 undefined 72 00:06:16,160 --> 00:06:18,560 undefined 73 00:06:20,480 --> 00:06:25,200 undefined undefined 74 00:06:25,200 --> 00:06:29,320 undefined undefined 75 00:06:29,320 --> 00:06:32,160 undefined 76 00:06:32,160 --> 00:06:34,800 undefined undefined 77 00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:39,000 undefined undefined 78 00:06:39,000 --> 00:06:44,840 undefined undefined 79 00:06:44,840 --> 00:06:50,160 undefined undefined 80 00:06:50,160 --> 00:06:54,960 undefined undefined 81 00:06:54,960 --> 00:06:58,280 undefined 82 00:06:58,280 --> 00:07:03,680 undefined undefined 83 00:07:03,680 --> 00:07:06,920 undefined 84 00:07:09,320 --> 00:07:13,880 undefined undefined 85 00:07:14,880 --> 00:07:17,640 undefined 86 00:07:19,160 --> 00:07:25,120 undefined undefined 87 00:07:25,120 --> 00:07:31,040 undefined undefined 88 00:07:32,360 --> 00:07:35,520 undefined undefined 89 00:07:38,680 --> 00:07:42,760 undefined undefined 90 00:07:50,920 --> 00:07:52,400 undefined 91 00:07:52,400 --> 00:07:54,040 undefined 92 00:07:54,040 --> 00:07:57,000 undefined 93 00:07:57,000 --> 00:07:59,400 undefined 94 00:08:02,480 --> 00:08:07,360 undefined undefined 95 00:08:12,240 --> 00:08:16,640 undefined undefined 96 00:08:19,640 --> 00:08:22,240 undefined 97 00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:31,600 undefined 98 00:08:32,920 --> 00:08:39,440 undefined undefined 99 00:08:41,560 --> 00:08:43,480 undefined 100 00:08:44,880 --> 00:08:50,080 undefined 101 00:08:50,080 --> 00:08:55,480 undefined undefined 102 00:08:55,480 --> 00:09:00,440 undefined undefined 103 00:09:20,400 --> 00:09:26,000 undefined undefined 104 00:09:26,000 --> 00:09:30,200 undefined undefined 105 00:09:30,200 --> 00:09:34,280 undefined undefined 106 00:09:34,280 --> 00:09:40,800 undefined undefined 107 00:09:40,800 --> 00:09:44,960 這就是我，這就是你，僅此而已 動物、所有植物、 108 00:09:44,960 --> 00:09:48,520 所有的真菌，所有的細菌， 一切！ 109 00:09:48,520 --> 00:09:51,080 所以，盧卡不只是一個聰明的人 縮寫詞， 110 00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:53,440 生物課上的東西。 111 00:09:53,440 --> 00:09:59,080 LUCA 定義了點 我們所知的生活故事 112 00:09:59,080 --> 00:10:00,120 真正開始了。 113 00:10:06,080 --> 00:10:08,840 盧卡沒有化石… 114 00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:14,160 ..但是因為所有的生命 事物有DNA 115 00:10:14,160 --> 00:10:19,400 並使用相同的遺傳密碼，我們 知道一定有共同的起源。 116 00:10:23,120 --> 00:10:24,600 看看那個。 117 00:10:24,600 --> 00:10:28,080 但為什麼盧卡 它的後代倖存下來... 118 00:10:28,080 --> 00:10:32,240 哦！ ..當數萬億其他人消失時？ 119 00:10:32,240 --> 00:10:34,800 這才真正開始 燒傷我的手。 120 00:10:36,120 --> 00:10:40,600 可以從地球找到線索 最極端的地方。 121 00:10:42,240 --> 00:10:45,440 我想把手從那裡拿開。 就是這麼熱。 122 00:10:49,920 --> 00:10:54,120 用鹼水補 到攝氏86度... 123 00:10:57,320 --> 00:11:01,680 ..這些都是敵對的 盧卡可能已經經歷過的情況。 124 00:11:03,480 --> 00:11:05,080 但無論如何，看看吧。 125 00:11:05,080 --> 00:11:08,120 生活在承受著 都在這裡。 126 00:11:14,040 --> 00:11:17,400 我知道你在想什麼 這看起來不多， 127 00:11:17,400 --> 00:11:22,200 當然與我們相比， 這是非常簡單的事。 128 00:11:22,200 --> 00:11:24,560 但我必須告訴你，事實並非如此。 129 00:11:24,560 --> 00:11:27,480 這裡的單元格位於 最複雜的 130 00:11:27,480 --> 00:11:30,160 已知宇宙中的事物。 131 00:11:30,160 --> 00:11:33,800 這些細胞中的每一個 正在產生能量， 132 00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:36,160 分配能量， 處理廢棄物。 133 00:11:36,160 --> 00:11:40,840 它對環境很敏感， 它正在繁殖。 134 00:11:40,840 --> 00:11:44,760 這些細胞中的每一個都更多 比任何機器都複雜 135 00:11:44,760 --> 00:11:46,880 任何人類曾經製造過。 136 00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:54,480 就像這些細胞一樣，盧卡 複雜、堅固、有彈性… 137 00:11:55,880 --> 00:11:59,520 ..這可能有幫助 克服困難堅持下去。 138 00:12:01,080 --> 00:12:07,040 現在，我們知道盧卡不是 第一個細胞，它生活在其中 139 00:12:07,040 --> 00:12:11,480 其他細胞，但是什麼讓它 特別之處在於它不只是活著， 140 00:12:11,480 --> 00:12:14,520 它蓬勃發展，它生存下來。 141 00:12:14,520 --> 00:12:17,280 那個化學物質的小氣泡， 142 00:12:17,280 --> 00:12:20,240 混沌中形成 數十億年前。 143 00:12:26,720 --> 00:12:31,000 盧卡是一個可以做到這一點的小細胞。 144 00:12:35,840 --> 00:12:37,760 勇敢嗎？是的。 145 00:12:37,760 --> 00:12:40,600 幸運的？幾乎可以肯定... 146 00:12:42,520 --> 00:12:46,840 ..但它也有生命中最偉大的 生存技巧。 147 00:13:00,720 --> 00:13:03,640 盧卡可以複製自己。 148 00:13:04,960 --> 00:13:07,440 足以保留其遺傳基因 線路正在進行... 149 00:13:09,680 --> 00:13:13,640 ..但並不是那麼完美，以至於每個 副本是相同的。 150 00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:21,520 每一代新人， 微小的錯誤、突變， 151 00:13:21,520 --> 00:13:22,960 潛入其 DNA 中。 152 00:13:25,720 --> 00:13:31,600 然而這些所謂的錯誤 燃料的演變。 153 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:38,360 我們現代的故事， 生活世界開始了。 154 00:13:42,880 --> 00:13:45,480 現在是時候快進了。 155 00:13:48,360 --> 00:13:51,720 我的意思是，你無法涵蓋四十億 多年的進化沒有 156 00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:53,280 跳過一些章節。 157 00:13:55,960 --> 00:13:58,120 一代又一代， 158 00:13:58,120 --> 00:14:02,240 小錯誤會導致 全新的生命形式。 159 00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:09,760 一些細胞開始捕獲 阳光——植物的祖先。 160 00:14:12,360 --> 00:14:17,360 其他人会适应饲料 关于腐烂 - 真菌。 161 00:14:22,600 --> 00:14:28,280 许多保持小而简单 - 微生物的隐秘世界。 162 00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:36,280 但是这些细胞会给出 上升到大象 163 00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:37,960 走一条截然不同的路... 164 00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:45,360 ..三个半亿 卢卡几年后... 165 00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:51,320 ..当地球处于深渊时 冻结。 166 00:15:04,600 --> 00:15:09,720 这是一段激烈的时期 全球变冷。 167 00:15:09,720 --> 00:15:15,360 冰雪覆盖了地球， 食物网正在崩溃。 168 00:15:17,760 --> 00:15:21,240 但在寒冷黑暗的某个地方， 169 00:15:21,240 --> 00:15:25,840 一个饥饿的细胞大约是 改变一切。 170 00:15:37,160 --> 00:15:41,760 喂养的需要是最大的需要之一 进化的驱动力。 171 00:15:41,760 --> 00:15:45,160 任何能找到食物的生物 更高效就是更多 172 00:15:45,160 --> 00:15:49,640 可能生存并传递其基因 进入下一代， 173 00:15:49,640 --> 00:15:54,840 情况就是这样 六亿多年前 174 00:15:54,840 --> 00:15:59,040 当单个细胞 正处于突破的边缘， 175 00:15:59,040 --> 00:16:01,960 一个突破 导致难以置信的 176 00:16:01,960 --> 00:16:05,880 几乎所有的多样性 动物的生命即将到来。 177 00:16:13,440 --> 00:16:16,560 遇见远古 大象的祖先... 178 00:16:17,560 --> 00:16:20,600 ..确实是所有动物。 179 00:16:28,720 --> 00:16:33,040 原始动物现在有 线粒体提供能量... 180 00:16:35,440 --> 00:16:37,360 ..控制核心... 181 00:16:40,680 --> 00:16:43,400 ..还有一个像尾巴一样的鞭毛来移动。 182 00:16:46,560 --> 00:16:49,080 但有一件事没有改变... 183 00:16:51,600 --> 00:16:54,280 ..这个细胞仍然很小...... 184 00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:59,560 ..只是第100名 一毫米宽。 185 00:17:04,720 --> 00:17:08,040 这是一个小细胞 有一个大问题。 186 00:17:10,280 --> 00:17:13,320 食物极其匮乏。 187 00:17:16,560 --> 00:17:22,880 那细胞古老的饥饿 可能已经让生活走上了新的道路。 188 00:17:24,960 --> 00:17:30,040 你可以看到如何，感谢 一个今天还活着的非凡生物。 189 00:17:34,800 --> 00:17:36,240 {\an8}您可能想知道，有什么 190 00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:39,400 一大群这样的昆虫 191 00:17:39,400 --> 00:17:43,200 与古代有关 单细胞生物？ 192 00:17:43,200 --> 00:17:48,000 嗯，事情的转折是 在寻找食物的过程中， 193 00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:51,320 他们都想出了 类似的解决方案... 194 00:17:52,840 --> 00:17:55,080 ..这取决于数字。 195 00:17:57,600 --> 00:18:01,040 你看， 单个蚂蚁不太好 196 00:18:01,040 --> 00:18:05,800 当面对压倒性的猎物时。 197 00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:08,960 只是它们太小了， 他们没有实力。 198 00:18:08,960 --> 00:18:14,000 所以，他们所做的是 变成大规模杀戮机器。 199 00:18:16,640 --> 00:18:21,080 每个人都有 成为那台机器中的一个齿轮， 200 00:18:21,080 --> 00:18:24,040 这意味着他们 效率更高 201 00:18:24,040 --> 00:18:28,880 当涉及到处理任何事情时 他们要吃饭了。 202 00:18:28,880 --> 00:18:31,040 噢！没关系。 203 00:18:33,560 --> 00:18:37,600 这些蚂蚁就像一个巨人 有机体... 204 00:18:40,640 --> 00:18:44,760 ..压倒他们的饭菜 纯粹的数字力量... 205 00:18:47,640 --> 00:18:51,960 ..当它们蜂拥而至时， 菜单上几乎所有东西都有。 206 00:18:54,040 --> 00:18:57,600 蟋蟀、毛毛虫、 或者，如果他们受伤了， 207 00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:04,080 甚至鸡、山羊和猪， 从感觉上看，甚至是帕克汉姆！ 208 00:19:04,080 --> 00:19:08,960 与这些有相似之处 古老的单细胞生物， 209 00:19:08,960 --> 00:19:13,960 因为他们即将领养 类似的技术将 210 00:19:13,960 --> 00:19:15,400 改变世界... 211 00:19:16,440 --> 00:19:18,000 ..永远。 212 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:20,360 哦，我的天啊！ 213 00:19:20,360 --> 00:19:24,000 我的世界永远改变了，我 老实说，我想。 214 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:27,800 有一些地方有 你不会拍摄它们。 215 00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:29,120 下车！ 216 00:19:33,280 --> 00:19:36,560 六亿多年前， 217 00:19:36,560 --> 00:19:40,600 神秘动物即将 做一些革命性的事情。 218 00:19:45,480 --> 00:19:49,400 它的表面有涂层 与粘性分子... 219 00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:55,280 ..当时间到来时 划分... 220 00:19:57,200 --> 00:20:00,800 ..而不是漂流去生活 独立生活... 221 00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:06,080 ..两个人仍然粘在一起。 222 00:20:09,560 --> 00:20:11,480 他们继续分裂。 223 00:20:13,600 --> 00:20:16,280 越来越多的细胞粘附 一起... 224 00:20:18,280 --> 00:20:19,320 ...直到... 225 00:20:20,640 --> 00:20:23,280 ..一个巨大的联盟形成。 226 00:20:30,560 --> 00:20:32,720 被称为死星... 227 00:20:34,960 --> 00:20:38,400 ..大了100 比单个细胞... 228 00:20:43,160 --> 00:20:46,840 ..它有一些东西 它的黑暗面。 229 00:20:55,680 --> 00:20:58,120 当所有鞭毛摆动时， 230 00:20:58,120 --> 00:21:00,400 他们创造更强大 水流... 231 00:21:04,360 --> 00:21:08,840 ..吸引细菌 这样死星就可以进食了。 232 00:21:12,720 --> 00:21:16,880 来自粘在一起的细胞 一种新的生活方式出现了。 233 00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:22,520 形成多细胞生物体。 234 00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:31,400 在接下来的一亿年里， 235 00:21:31,400 --> 00:21:34,640 死星的后裔 继续成长... 236 00:21:36,960 --> 00:21:39,640 ..不仅仅是尺寸， 237 00:21:39,640 --> 00:21:41,160 但在复杂性上... 238 00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:46,800 ..作为个人 细胞开始特化... 239 00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:54,640 ..直到真正的事情 革命性的出现... 240 00:21:57,600 --> 00:22:00,120 ..地球上的第一批尸体。 241 00:22:11,320 --> 00:22:17,720 海洋现在已经变暖 它们充满了生命形式。 242 00:22:17,720 --> 00:22:22,880 并潜伏在他们中间 是大象的祖先。 243 00:22:33,840 --> 00:22:36,440 没有树干，没有象牙…… 244 00:22:38,120 --> 00:22:42,040 ..只是一条蠕虫， 三毫米长， 245 00:22:42,040 --> 00:22:45,280 拖着自己过去 海底。 246 00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:49,920 进化赋予了它身体， 247 00:22:49,920 --> 00:22:54,520 但这么小 而且很简单，你几乎不会注意到它。 248 00:23:01,920 --> 00:23:04,040 建造更大的東西 249 00:23:04,040 --> 00:23:08,960 更複雜的需要 一種重要成分... 250 00:23:10,120 --> 00:23:11,640 ..氧氣。 251 00:23:11,640 --> 00:23:16,400 在我們身體的每一個細胞裡 緩慢、受控的燃燒正在發生。 252 00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:19,040 當然不是用火焰， 這會令人擔憂。 253 00:23:19,040 --> 00:23:23,280 但就像這場大火一樣， 我們需要氧氣來釋放能量。 254 00:23:25,440 --> 00:23:29,040 沒有它， 我們只會氣喘吁籲地死去。 255 00:23:32,520 --> 00:23:37,880 但對於古代動物來說， 氧氣基本上是遙不可及的。 256 00:23:42,760 --> 00:23:46,200 我這裡有一些蚯蚓 迷人的生物， 257 00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:50,360 童年的生物， 但並不是非常複雜， 258 00:23:50,360 --> 00:23:52,480 特別是 當談到呼吸時。 259 00:23:52,480 --> 00:23:54,680 你看， 就像那些早期的動物一樣， 260 00:23:54,680 --> 00:23:56,600 他們透過皮膚呼吸。 261 00:23:57,680 --> 00:24:00,520 它具有滲透性， 只要它是濕潤的， 262 00:24:00,520 --> 00:24:03,400 他們可以提取 空氣中的氧氣。 263 00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:07,960 但想像一下你還活著 五億年前。 264 00:24:07,960 --> 00:24:10,440 你比這個小多了 並且生活在最底層 265 00:24:10,440 --> 00:24:15,120 海洋的氧氣 供應量少得可憐。 266 00:24:15,120 --> 00:24:18,560 生命是渺小的，生命是緩慢的， 267 00:24:18,560 --> 00:24:20,720 生活陷入困境。 268 00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:30,080 但這古老的蠕蟲已經絆倒了 以新的方式 269 00:24:30,080 --> 00:24:32,160 增加其氧氣供應。 270 00:24:36,640 --> 00:24:40,640 身體上佈滿細小的毛孔， 用於過濾食物， 271 00:24:40,640 --> 00:24:43,880 現在正在悄悄適應 到一個新的角色。 272 00:24:45,280 --> 00:24:49,480 他們能夠 吸入更多的氧氣... 273 00:24:51,480 --> 00:24:55,480 ..轉變的開始 這將使生物能夠 274 00:24:55,480 --> 00:24:57,960 做大做強。 275 00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:04,720 並擊敗競爭對手 這就是全部。 276 00:25:11,120 --> 00:25:17,360 一代又一代，渺小 毛孔內的皺紋加深， 277 00:25:17,360 --> 00:25:23,960 折疊、扭曲、意義 更多表面積， 278 00:25:23,960 --> 00:25:25,360 更多氧氣... 279 00:25:26,480 --> 00:25:31,080 ..直到一個全新的 身體部位進化。 280 00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,840 在追蹤進化過程中 大象的，或者就此而言， 281 00:25:42,840 --> 00:25:44,760 任何其他大型陸地動物， 282 00:25:44,760 --> 00:25:49,400 鰓的外觀幾乎不 一個明顯的里程碑時刻。 283 00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:51,800 畢竟大象並不出名 為了 284 00:25:51,800 --> 00:25:54,640 他們的深海潛水能力。 285 00:25:54,640 --> 00:26:00,080 但出現 鰓不僅僅是一個小升級。 286 00:26:00,080 --> 00:26:03,160 這是進化上的巨大飛躍。 287 00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:10,160 這是雲南動物的化石。 288 00:26:10,160 --> 00:26:14,040 它生活在寒武紀 大約5億年前。 289 00:26:14,040 --> 00:26:19,600 它是什麼？嗯，這不是 一條蟲子，還不是一條魚， 290 00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:22,800 但是什麼讓它 有趣的是這個... 291 00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:26,000 你可以看到這些羽毛狀的 結構 292 00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:28,480 成排地跑到這裡。 293 00:26:28,480 --> 00:26:32,280 一些科學家認為，這 是第一個證據 294 00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:35,000 我們發現了鰓。 295 00:26:37,440 --> 00:26:40,520 像這樣複雜的褶皺 可以從根本增加 296 00:26:40,520 --> 00:26:43,640 表面積 是和水接觸的... 297 00:26:44,960 --> 00:26:49,720 ..賦予動物潛力 以獲得更多的氧氣。 298 00:26:51,480 --> 00:26:55,320 當然， 更多的氧氣意味著更多的能量。 299 00:26:55,320 --> 00:26:59,480 這可能意味著更大的身體， 更快的移動。 300 00:26:59,480 --> 00:27:04,320 這項創新奠定了基礎， 不只是為了魚， 301 00:27:04,320 --> 00:27:07,760 或者對大象來說， 也為了你和我。 302 00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:13,120 我們往往會想到鰓 作為魚的東西， 303 00:27:13,120 --> 00:27:16,800 但一旦它們很漂亮 幾乎每個人的事情。 304 00:27:18,320 --> 00:27:19,360 每一個兩棲類... 305 00:27:21,120 --> 00:27:23,880 ..爬行動物，鳥類， 306 00:27:23,880 --> 00:27:28,920 今天還活著的每一種哺乳動物 從有鰓的祖先傳下來的。 307 00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:35,680 所以，如果鰓是個好主意的話 308 00:27:35,680 --> 00:27:38,680 為什麼我們這麼多人拋棄了它們？ 309 00:27:46,960 --> 00:27:52,120 嗯，這條魚裡面有一條線索 進化最大膽的飛躍之一。 310 00:27:54,960 --> 00:27:58,240 看看這隻非凡的動物。 311 00:27:59,480 --> 00:28:06,560 undefined undefined 312 00:28:06,560 --> 00:28:09,240 undefined undefined 313 00:28:09,240 --> 00:28:13,080 undefined undefined 314 00:28:13,080 --> 00:28:16,160 undefined undefined 315 00:28:16,160 --> 00:28:19,400 undefined 316 00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:21,960 undefined undefined 317 00:28:21,960 --> 00:28:26,720 undefined undefined 318 00:28:31,680 --> 00:28:35,000 undefined undefined 319 00:28:36,320 --> 00:28:38,640 undefined 320 00:28:38,640 --> 00:28:43,920 undefined undefined 321 00:28:43,920 --> 00:28:46,600 undefined undefined 322 00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:50,720 undefined undefined 323 00:28:50,720 --> 00:28:53,680 undefined 324 00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:55,760 undefined 325 00:28:55,760 --> 00:28:59,240 undefined undefined 326 00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:01,880 undefined 327 00:29:01,880 --> 00:29:04,760 undefined 328 00:29:04,760 --> 00:29:06,600 undefined 329 00:29:06,600 --> 00:29:08,720 undefined undefined 330 00:29:08,720 --> 00:29:11,720 undefined undefined 331 00:29:11,720 --> 00:29:17,320 undefined undefined 332 00:29:17,320 --> 00:29:20,560 undefined 333 00:29:20,560 --> 00:29:23,280 undefined undefined 334 00:29:25,880 --> 00:29:26,920 undefined 335 00:29:29,560 --> 00:29:33,320 undefined undefined 336 00:29:33,320 --> 00:29:36,640 undefined undefined 337 00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:44,720 undefined undefined 338 00:29:50,680 --> 00:29:56,480 undefined undefined 339 00:29:56,480 --> 00:30:02,240 undefined undefined 340 00:30:02,240 --> 00:30:07,440 undefined undefined 341 00:30:09,760 --> 00:30:11,960 undefined 342 00:30:15,720 --> 00:30:20,920 undefined undefined 343 00:30:24,240 --> 00:30:27,040 undefined undefined 344 00:30:29,120 --> 00:30:33,080 undefined undefined 345 00:30:35,720 --> 00:30:37,680 undefined 346 00:30:40,560 --> 00:30:43,040 undefined undefined 347 00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:48,920 undefined 348 00:31:02,680 --> 00:31:04,920 undefined 349 00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:08,040 undefined 350 00:31:09,440 --> 00:31:12,680 undefined undefined 351 00:31:19,640 --> 00:31:24,480 undefined undefined 352 00:31:30,040 --> 00:31:34,360 undefined undefined 353 00:31:38,240 --> 00:31:42,440 undefined undefined 354 00:31:42,440 --> 00:31:46,200 undefined undefined 355 00:31:49,960 --> 00:31:52,840 undefined undefined 356 00:31:55,240 --> 00:31:58,640 undefined 357 00:32:00,120 --> 00:32:04,320 undefined undefined 358 00:32:04,320 --> 00:32:06,680 undefined undefined 359 00:32:06,680 --> 00:32:08,520 undefined 360 00:32:08,520 --> 00:32:11,480 undefined undefined 361 00:32:11,480 --> 00:32:15,560 undefined undefined 362 00:32:15,560 --> 00:32:18,960 undefined undefined 363 00:32:18,960 --> 00:32:21,840 undefined 364 00:32:21,840 --> 00:32:24,360 undefined 365 00:32:24,360 --> 00:32:26,080 undefined 366 00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:29,800 undefined 367 00:32:29,800 --> 00:32:31,920 undefined 368 00:32:31,920 --> 00:32:33,920 undefined 369 00:32:35,120 --> 00:32:38,880 undefined undefined 370 00:32:38,880 --> 00:32:42,920 undefined undefined 371 00:32:42,920 --> 00:32:45,400 undefined 372 00:32:46,720 --> 00:32:49,080 undefined 373 00:32:49,080 --> 00:32:53,960 undefined undefined 374 00:32:55,640 --> 00:32:59,400 undefined undefined 375 00:33:05,200 --> 00:33:06,800 undefined 376 00:33:06,800 --> 00:33:10,600 undefined undefined 377 00:33:10,600 --> 00:33:12,320 undefined 378 00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:16,680 undefined 379 00:33:16,680 --> 00:33:20,960 undefined undefined 380 00:33:20,960 --> 00:33:24,720 undefined undefined 381 00:33:24,720 --> 00:33:26,760 undefined 382 00:33:26,760 --> 00:33:28,120 undefined 383 00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:35,840 undefined undefined 384 00:33:35,840 --> 00:33:37,520 undefined 385 00:33:37,520 --> 00:33:40,480 undefined undefined 386 00:33:40,480 --> 00:33:43,040 undefined undefined 387 00:33:44,040 --> 00:33:48,040 undefined undefined 388 00:33:48,040 --> 00:33:51,680 undefined undefined 389 00:33:51,680 --> 00:33:55,440 undefined 重新繁殖的时机已经成熟。 390 00:34:01,240 --> 00:34:03,760 没有巨人 恐龙比赛... 391 00:34:05,040 --> 00:34:10,560 ..非洲是一片空地 进化爆发的阶段。 392 00:34:12,400 --> 00:34:15,600 植物不浪费时间 反弹回来。 393 00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:22,840 但大象的祖先 仍然很小而且毛茸茸的。 394 00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:27,960 想要变大，就需要食物 还有很多。 395 00:34:29,440 --> 00:34:33,200 但困难的部分不是 寻找晚餐。 396 00:34:33,200 --> 00:34:34,840 它正在吃它。 397 00:34:43,440 --> 00:34:45,680 植物一定很容易吃吧？ 398 00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:48,080 毕竟他们是逃不掉的 399 00:34:48,080 --> 00:34:50,920 他们无法反击 它们无处不在。 400 00:34:52,080 --> 00:34:54,960 嗯，不完全是， 因为显然， 401 00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:57,120 植物不想被吃掉。 402 00:34:57,120 --> 00:35:00,880 所以，虽然他们无法战斗或 摆脱困境， 403 00:35:00,880 --> 00:35:04,800 他们想出了一个强大的 防御范围，其中 404 00:35:04,800 --> 00:35:09,800 意味着这里所有的绿色植物 几乎不可能吃。 405 00:35:12,640 --> 00:35:18,080 对于大象的祖先来说， 植物提出了严峻的挑战， 406 00:35:18,080 --> 00:35:22,840 不只是因为荆棘或 毒素，但它们是由什么制成的。 407 00:35:23,840 --> 00:35:27,640 即使是现代哺乳动物也在挣扎 消化它们。 408 00:35:27,640 --> 00:35:29,040 谁的便便？ 409 00:35:35,440 --> 00:35:40,440 好吧，你们这些有马的人 小马可能会明白这一点。 410 00:35:40,440 --> 00:35:43,360 这是斑马的粪便。 411 00:35:44,760 --> 00:35:45,920 看看那个。 412 00:35:45,920 --> 00:35:48,360 我们没有太多时间 从外面欣赏它， 413 00:35:48,360 --> 00:35:50,840 让我们立即深入研究。 414 00:35:50,840 --> 00:35:54,080 如果我把这件作品放在这里， 看看那个！ 415 00:35:54,080 --> 00:35:57,840 它看起来像剪下的草。 416 00:35:57,840 --> 00:36:01,520 所以，这个已经被蚕食了， 已经被咀嚼过， 417 00:36:01,520 --> 00:36:04,520 已经通过胃了 一直穿过肠道 418 00:36:04,520 --> 00:36:09,520 斑马，但它几乎没有被消化， 那是因为大部分 419 00:36:09,520 --> 00:36:13,040 您可以看到的材料 这是一种叫做纤维素的东西。 420 00:36:13,040 --> 00:36:17,360 这是坚韧的东西 植物的强度和刚度。 421 00:36:17,360 --> 00:36:18,880 但想一想。 422 00:36:18,880 --> 00:36:21,640 如果一个当代的、复杂的、 423 00:36:21,640 --> 00:36:25,760 专门的草食动物，如斑马 无法正确消化这个 424 00:36:25,760 --> 00:36:30,400 东西，那些有什么机会 早期哺乳动物有哪些？ 425 00:36:41,240 --> 00:36:46,000 事实上，我们不确定是否 大象的祖先 426 00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:51,280 之前就跨入了以植物为食的阶段 或在灭绝事件之后。 427 00:36:53,000 --> 00:36:54,600 化石记录不完整... 428 00:37:03,880 --> 00:37:06,640 ..但我们确实知道飞跃发生了 429 00:37:06,640 --> 00:37:08,920 感谢一个不太可能的联盟... 430 00:37:16,480 --> 00:37:18,400 不是它正在寻找的虫子。 431 00:37:19,560 --> 00:37:22,440 用更小的东西。 432 00:37:22,440 --> 00:37:25,880 你看， 在大象祖先的体内， 433 00:37:25,880 --> 00:37:30,800 一支看不见的单细胞军队 微生物正在聚集。 434 00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:34,440 这不是入侵， 435 00:37:34,440 --> 00:37:38,040 这是一个至关重要的开始 伙伴关系。 436 00:37:40,840 --> 00:37:45,000 天哪！ 谁说尺寸不重要？ 437 00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:48,200 这不是白蚁丘 这是白蚁纪念碑！ 438 00:37:48,200 --> 00:37:51,360 身高应该有五米吧！ 439 00:37:51,360 --> 00:37:55,640 白蚁以吃木头而闻名 和其他植物材料， 440 00:37:55,640 --> 00:37:58,840 但事实上， 这不是故事的全部。 441 00:37:58,840 --> 00:38:02,840 他们负责咀嚼，这是其他的 进行消化的生物体。 442 00:38:13,280 --> 00:38:18,520 在白蚁丘内，我们发现 自然界最奇怪的组合之一。 443 00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:26,280 现在，克里斯·帕克汉姆， 一个热爱动物的人， 444 00:38:26,280 --> 00:38:29,520 他为什么要崩溃 白蚁丘？ 445 00:38:29,520 --> 00:38:31,320 嗯，我想了很久 对此很难。 446 00:38:31,320 --> 00:38:34,040 首先，他们非比寻常 坚韧的动物， 447 00:38:34,040 --> 00:38:36,840 他们会很快重建这个。 448 00:38:36,840 --> 00:38:40,000 第二件事是 每天晚上，在这里， 449 00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:41,760 动物会闯入其中。 450 00:38:41,760 --> 00:38:44,880 就当我是人类土豚吧。 451 00:38:44,880 --> 00:38:49,560 此外，我正在寻找什么 因为就在表面之下。 452 00:38:49,560 --> 00:38:54,000 这里有很多白蚁， 但我正在寻找别的东西。 453 00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:55,680 啊! 454 00:38:55,680 --> 00:38:58,120 另一种生命形式的存在 在这里。 455 00:38:58,120 --> 00:38:59,360 我想就是这样了。 456 00:38:59,360 --> 00:39:01,680 渺小、沉默…… 457 00:39:01,680 --> 00:39:03,000 哦，是的，是的！ 458 00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:04,840 ..并且非常有用。 459 00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:06,560 看看那个！ 460 00:39:08,520 --> 00:39:12,160 那就是白蚁真菌的梳子。 461 00:39:12,160 --> 00:39:15,440 {\an8}现在，有趣的事情 关于这种真菌的是你可以 462 00:39:15,440 --> 00:39:20,760 {\an8}只能在白蚁丘中找到它， 世界上其他地方都没有。 463 00:39:20,760 --> 00:39:24,120 你看， 白蚁在某种程度上种植它。 464 00:39:24,120 --> 00:39:27,080 他们出去收集 所有死去的植物材料， 465 00:39:27,080 --> 00:39:30,440 他们自己无法消化的东西， 然后他们回来了 466 00:39:30,440 --> 00:39:32,720 并将其交给真菌。 467 00:39:32,720 --> 00:39:35,200 真菌确实会消化 纤维素， 468 00:39:35,200 --> 00:39:39,800 然后将其转化为物质 白蚁可以吃的东西。 469 00:39:39,800 --> 00:39:41,080 那又怎样呢？ 470 00:39:42,960 --> 00:39:46,600 当然， 这不仅仅是白蚁。 471 00:39:48,400 --> 00:39:53,080 几乎所有食草动物都可以 名称已外包消化 472 00:39:53,080 --> 00:39:54,320 对微生物。 473 00:39:57,120 --> 00:39:58,480 唯一的区别... 474 00:40:01,440 --> 00:40:07,440 ..大多数人都保留着微生物咀嚼器 安全地藏在他们的肠道内。 475 00:40:09,320 --> 00:40:13,880 就像我们的身体进化一样， 此类伙伴关系不断发展。 476 00:40:13,880 --> 00:40:16,600 但很难知道什么时候， 因为我们没有任何 477 00:40:16,600 --> 00:40:20,680 史前动物化石 他们肠道里有细菌。 478 00:40:20,680 --> 00:40:24,240 但有一件事我们可以肯定，而且 也就是说，在数百万年的时间里， 479 00:40:24,240 --> 00:40:28,440 许多物种已经变得依赖 在这些类型的关系上。 480 00:40:28,440 --> 00:40:31,360 没有他们，他们只会死。 481 00:40:39,680 --> 00:40:45,320 有时，进化是最大胆的举动 不是身体上的适应， 482 00:40:45,320 --> 00:40:47,240 他们是伙伴关系。 483 00:40:48,440 --> 00:40:51,880 而现在， 由于其微生物组， 484 00:40:51,880 --> 00:40:54,640 现在是采样的好时机 沙拉吧。 485 00:40:59,120 --> 00:41:01,920 一代又一代， 486 00:41:01,920 --> 00:41:05,320 肠道气球 进入发酵工厂... 487 00:41:07,480 --> 00:41:10,480 ..充满数万亿 数万亿 488 00:41:10,480 --> 00:41:12,560 咀嚼植物的微生物。 489 00:41:19,680 --> 00:41:23,440 正是你 需要植物性饮食。 490 00:41:30,320 --> 00:41:33,720 {\an8}而且不到 2000 万 多年后... 491 00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:40,000 ..我们得到了这个迷人的生物， 早期的长鼻动物... 492 00:41:51,840 --> 00:41:55,880 ..现在站在一个令人尊敬的位置 一米高。 493 00:41:57,880 --> 00:42:01,560 但进化已经到来 这是它自己造成的问题。 494 00:42:03,280 --> 00:42:08,760 这个长鼻动物已经拉长了 门牙。 495 00:42:08,760 --> 00:42:10,880 非常适合捕捉植被... 496 00:42:17,040 --> 00:42:20,240 ..但是大牙齿也有缺点。 497 00:42:33,440 --> 00:42:36,280 这是成年蹄兔的头骨。 498 00:42:37,920 --> 00:42:43,320 它有大量的这些 那里有超大的门牙。 499 00:42:43,320 --> 00:42:45,240 这些牙齿是做什么用的？ 500 00:42:45,240 --> 00:42:48,840 好吧，为了击退掠食者， 像蛇和鹰之类的东西， 501 00:42:48,840 --> 00:42:51,200 用于向其他蹄兔展示， 并且，如果他们越界了， 502 00:42:51,200 --> 00:42:53,120 也为他们送行。 503 00:42:53,120 --> 00:42:56,840 但我们必须记住这一点 这是一种草食动物。 504 00:42:56,840 --> 00:43:00,360 怎么会啃树叶呢 有这些碍事吗？ 505 00:43:02,240 --> 00:43:04,440 嗯，会很挣扎， 我可以证明 506 00:43:04,440 --> 00:43:10,600 通过调整我自己的牙齿 有一些拉长的 507 00:43:10,600 --> 00:43:15,400 我自己的门牙，然后尝试 然后吃蹄兔沙拉。 508 00:43:20,080 --> 00:43:23,240 坦白说，这根本行不通。 509 00:43:23,240 --> 00:43:26,920 所以，看，虽然大牙齿可以 令人印象深刻，他们当然有 510 00:43:26,920 --> 00:43:30,880 它们的用途 如果你是食草动物 他们可以在某种程度上代表 511 00:43:30,880 --> 00:43:34,600 进化挑战 当谈到抓住你的食物时。 512 00:43:36,800 --> 00:43:40,240 大门牙来了 并进行权衡。 513 00:43:40,240 --> 00:43:44,520 对于蹄兔来说，这意味着吃食物 通过嘴的一侧。 514 00:43:47,600 --> 00:43:49,200 但对于长鼻动物来说， 515 00:43:49,200 --> 00:43:51,680 进化去了 走上一条不同的道路。 516 00:43:57,600 --> 00:44:03,400 一个人一出生就带有 鼻子稍长一些。 517 00:44:10,320 --> 00:44:13,840 这是某事的开始 特别的。 518 00:44:24,640 --> 00:44:26,920 他们就在那里。 他们就在那里。 519 00:44:26,920 --> 00:44:30,000 看看有什么灵活的 脸可以有能力， 520 00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:33,040 我们需要一位鼻子专家。 521 00:44:34,720 --> 00:44:38,840 这就像一只狮子，不是吗？ 外出狩猎疣猪。 522 00:44:38,840 --> 00:44:41,680 优美？并不真地。 523 00:44:41,680 --> 00:44:45,800 这些是动物 专为完成工作而打造。 524 00:44:45,800 --> 00:44:47,240 疣猪... 525 00:44:47,240 --> 00:44:51,560 如此丑陋以至于他们已经跨越了那个 线条变回美丽。 526 00:44:51,560 --> 00:44:54,840 但我们来这里不是为了美丽 选美比赛，我们来这里是为了生物学， 527 00:44:54,840 --> 00:44:59,760 所以让我们把注意力集中在他们的鼻子上 一款出色的多功能工具。 528 00:45:02,600 --> 00:45:06,160 疣猪鼻子不是 只是为了嗅零食。 529 00:45:07,800 --> 00:45:11,800 他们是来挖根的， 并将食物调整到位。 530 00:45:15,440 --> 00:45:18,880 很难， 它不像我们的鼻子那么精致。 531 00:45:18,880 --> 00:45:20,280 它真的很坚固。 532 00:45:21,920 --> 00:45:25,320 但即使是最好的鼻子 有其局限性... 533 00:45:27,160 --> 00:45:32,680 ..尤其是当你的食物是 躺在地上，而你的脸不在。 534 00:45:32,680 --> 00:45:34,920 问题是， 当你看到他们站起来的时候 535 00:45:34,920 --> 00:45:37,680 他们的腿很长 还有短脖子， 536 00:45:37,680 --> 00:45:41,520 那么你如何得到你的鼻子 离地面更近一些？ 537 00:45:41,520 --> 00:45:44,960 好吧，你就这样做—— 538 00:45:44,960 --> 00:45:46,320 跪下。 539 00:45:50,840 --> 00:45:56,000 好吧，从技术上来说 这些是生物的手腕， 540 00:45:56,000 --> 00:45:59,760 但无论如何，这都是一个 进化论的辉煌例子 541 00:45:59,760 --> 00:46:02,200 解决自己造成的问题。 542 00:46:04,840 --> 00:46:08,560 当然是一个有效的解决方案， 但这不是唯一的方法 543 00:46:08,560 --> 00:46:12,200 迎接挑战 你的鼻子离地面更近。 544 00:46:12,200 --> 00:46:15,040 但有一种生物活着 数百万年前 545 00:46:15,040 --> 00:46:17,920 彻底地迎接了挑战 不同的方式 546 00:46:17,920 --> 00:46:21,480 并想出了一些东西 更非凡。 547 00:46:21,480 --> 00:46:26,040 一个工具，如果你喜欢的话，它 可以用来吃、喝、 548 00:46:26,040 --> 00:46:29,080 嗅觉和探索世界。 549 00:46:34,200 --> 00:46:40,440 这将是一个最终的繁荣 非凡的进化历程， 550 00:46:40,440 --> 00:46:46,000 开始的旅程 42亿年前 551 00:46:46,000 --> 00:46:49,560 一个可以增殖的细胞... 552 00:46:53,320 --> 00:46:55,360 ...并且变得越来越复杂... 553 00:46:56,760 --> 00:46:58,000 ..获得了身体... 554 00:46:59,640 --> 00:47:01,360 ..深吸一口气， 555 00:47:01,360 --> 00:47:03,120 然后跳到了陆地上…… 556 00:47:09,040 --> 00:47:14,800 ..在与微生物合作之前， 给它勇气去吃素。 557 00:47:18,680 --> 00:47:22,480 而现在，经过无数次 几代人... 558 00:47:23,920 --> 00:47:26,840 ……鼻子变长了…… 559 00:47:29,600 --> 00:47:36,200 ..伸展到地面， 提供更好的食物获取途径， 560 00:47:36,200 --> 00:47:39,160 所以身体还在继续成长…… 561 00:47:41,320 --> 00:47:46,040 ..直到我们得到一只动物 复杂程度令人难以置信 562 00:47:46,040 --> 00:47:49,800 和你的尺寸 可能只是认识。 563 00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:00,760 认识古乳齿象。 564 00:48:03,040 --> 00:48:06,400 {\an8}它有行李箱， 它有象牙。 565 00:48:06,400 --> 00:48:09,080 {\an8}大耳朵？ 工作仍在进行中... 566 00:48:11,320 --> 00:48:16,040 {\an8}..但这是一种身体形状 我们最终可能会叫一头大象。 567 00:48:20,240 --> 00:48:22,760 进化并没有就此停止。 568 00:48:26,520 --> 00:48:29,840 来自奇异的生物 下颌延长... 569 00:48:34,400 --> 00:48:37,800 ..其他向下弯曲的 象牙... 570 00:48:41,840 --> 00:48:47,560 ..当然，还有那些 冰河时代的象征——猛犸象。 571 00:48:53,720 --> 00:48:57,320 曾经的巨型长鼻动物 横跨全球。 572 00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:08,040 非洲、亚洲、欧洲 573 00:49:08,040 --> 00:49:10,280 和南美洲。 574 00:49:10,280 --> 00:49:14,440 我们有证据证明我们的关系 与长鼻动物 575 00:49:14,440 --> 00:49:19,480 来自世界各地的形式 这些雕刻和绘画。 576 00:49:20,680 --> 00:49:24,640 这些不仅仅是生物 生活在那个风景里。 577 00:49:24,640 --> 00:49:27,760 Tinasanduka pamodzi nawo. 578 00:49:27,760 --> 00:49:31,640 Mbiri yathu ndi yapadera zolumikizana. 579 00:49:35,880 --> 00:49:40,200 Ma proboscides ena anatayika kusintha kwanyengo kwachilengedwe, 580 00:49:40,200 --> 00:49:45,320 koma kwa ena, zinali choncho zochita za makolo athu. 581 00:49:50,200 --> 00:49:54,120 Lero, atatu okha mitundu ya proboscidean imakhalabe ... 582 00:49:55,600 --> 00:50:00,320 ..aliyense akutuluka mkati zaka 10 miliyoni zapitazo - 583 00:50:00,320 --> 00:50:01,760 njovu yaku Asia... 584 00:50:05,280 --> 00:50:07,200 ..njovu yaku Africa... 585 00:50:10,760 --> 00:50:13,040 ..ndipo, wamkulu mwa onsewo, 586 00:50:13,040 --> 00:50:17,680 chimphona chodya udzu zowumbidwa pazigwa zotseguka... 587 00:50:19,280 --> 00:50:21,760 ..njovu ya African savannah. 588 00:50:27,080 --> 00:50:28,360 Zodabwitsa! 589 00:50:30,000 --> 00:50:33,160 Eya, ndinu odabwitsa, sichoncho? 590 00:50:33,160 --> 00:50:37,160 Tiyeni tiwone izi komaliza zolengedwa zosaneneka. 591 00:50:40,480 --> 00:50:45,960 Wopangidwa ndi maselo miliyoni miliyoni, mothandizidwa ndi mapapo akuluakulu 592 00:50:45,960 --> 00:50:52,560 nyama iliyonse yapamtunda, ndi mmenemo, matumbo opindika, kutalika kwa mita 20, 593 00:50:52,560 --> 00:50:57,800 odzaza ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti tithe kugaya zonse zomera zakuthupi. 594 00:50:57,800 --> 00:51:01,760 Kenako yang'anani kutsogolo apa, minyanga iyi, ndi pakati pawo, 595 00:51:01,760 --> 00:51:05,960 zodabwitsa izi, mphuno yosinthidwa, thunthu lake, 596 00:51:05,960 --> 00:51:09,360 wamphamvu zokwanira kutolera ndi kunyamula munthu, 597 00:51:09,360 --> 00:51:12,360 wosakhwima wokwanira kutola khobiri. 598 00:51:18,680 --> 00:51:22,880 undefined undefined 599 00:51:22,880 --> 00:51:26,840 undefined undefined 600 00:51:29,840 --> 00:51:34,040 undefined undefined 601 00:51:34,040 --> 00:51:37,400 undefined 602 00:51:37,400 --> 00:51:41,760 undefined undefined 603 00:51:42,920 --> 00:51:47,080 undefined undefined 604 00:51:47,080 --> 00:51:50,600 undefined 605 00:51:50,600 --> 00:51:55,000 undefined 606 00:52:01,520 --> 00:52:02,840 undefined 607 00:52:02,840 --> 00:52:07,560 undefined undefined 608 00:52:07,560 --> 00:52:09,560 undefined 609 00:52:12,200 --> 00:52:16,840 undefined undefined 610 00:52:16,840 --> 00:52:24,320 undefined undefined 611 00:52:24,320 --> 00:52:30,720 undefined undefined 612 00:52:34,720 --> 00:52:40,280 undefined undefined 613 00:52:40,280 --> 00:52:44,080 undefined undefined 614 00:52:44,080 --> 00:52:49,000 undefined undefined 615 00:52:49,000 --> 00:52:54,080 undefined undefined 616 00:52:56,800 --> 00:53:01,640 undefined undefined 617 00:53:01,640 --> 00:53:06,920 undefined undefined 618 00:53:06,920 --> 00:53:10,280 undefined 619 00:53:10,280 --> 00:53:12,560 undefined 620 00:53:12,560 --> 00:53:15,080 undefined 621 00:53:16,360 --> 00:53:18,360 undefined 622 00:53:18,360 --> 00:53:20,960 undefined 623 00:53:32,080 --> 00:53:36,880 undefined undefined 624 00:53:36,880 --> 00:53:39,200 undefined undefined 625 00:53:40,720 --> 00:53:43,400 undefined 626 00:53:44,680 --> 00:53:46,160 undefined 627 00:53:47,600 --> 00:53:49,480 undefined 628 00:53:53,160 --> 00:53:55,400 undefined 629 00:53:57,040 --> 00:53:58,480 undefined 630 00:53:58,480 --> 00:54:00,240 undefined 631 00:54:01,480 --> 00:54:02,920 undefined 632 00:54:02,920 --> 00:54:04,840 undefined 633 00:54:04,840 --> 00:54:07,520 undefined undefined 634 00:54:17,280 --> 00:54:18,760 undefined 635 00:54:18,760 --> 00:54:23,960 undefined undefined 636 00:54:26,840 --> 00:54:31,840 undefined undefined 637 00:54:31,840 --> 00:54:35,240 undefined undefined 638 00:54:36,400 --> 00:54:41,640 undefined undefined 639 00:54:41,640 --> 00:54:45,880 undefined undefined 640 00:54:45,880 --> 00:54:48,560 undefined undefined 641 00:54:48,560 --> 00:54:51,280 undefined undefined 642 00:54:51,280 --> 00:54:53,520 undefined undefined 643 00:54:53,520 --> 00:54:56,320 undefined undefined 644 00:54:56,320 --> 00:54:58,080 undefined undefined 645 00:54:58,080 --> 00:55:00,640 undefined undefined 646 00:55:00,640 --> 00:55:02,960 undefined undefined 647 00:55:02,960 --> 00:55:05,680 undefined undefined 648 00:55:05,680 --> 00:55:08,720 undefined undefined 649 00:55:11,520 --> 00:55:13,760 undefined undefined 650 00:55:13,760 --> 00:55:16,760 undefined 651 00:55:16,760 --> 00:55:19,840 undefined undefined 652 00:55:19,840 --> 00:55:23,520 undefined undefined 653 00:55:23,520 --> 00:55:24,640 undefined 654 00:55:27,600 --> 00:55:31,680 undefined undefined 655 00:55:31,680 --> 00:55:34,800 undefined undefined 656 00:55:34,800 --> 00:55:38,080 undefined undefined 657 00:55:38,080 --> 00:55:39,960 undefined 658 00:55:42,920 --> 00:55:47,240 undefined undefined 659 00:55:47,240 --> 00:55:49,160 undefined 660 00:55:49,160 --> 00:55:52,080 undefined 661 00:55:52,080 --> 00:55:54,720 undefined 662 00:55:58,240 --> 00:56:03,840 undefined undefined 663 00:56:03,840 --> 00:56:08,720 undefined undefined 664 00:56:10,400 --> 00:56:13,280 undefined undefined 665 00:56:13,280 --> 00:56:16,480 undefined undefined 666 00:56:17,760 --> 00:56:21,640 undefined undefined 667 00:56:21,640 --> 00:56:25,960 undefined undefined 668 00:56:25,960 --> 00:56:29,160 undefined undefined 669 00:56:29,160 --> 00:56:32,000 undefined undefined 670 00:56:32,000 --> 00:56:35,440 undefined undefined 671 00:56:36,680 --> 00:56:39,920 undefined undefined 672 00:56:39,920 --> 00:56:44,680 undefined undefined 673 00:56:44,680 --> 00:56:48,600 undefined undefined 674 00:56:49,680 --> 00:56:53,640 undefined undefined 675 00:56:53,640 --> 00:56:57,720 undefined undefined 676 00:56:57,720 --> 00:57:00,160 undefined undefined 677 00:57:00,160 --> 00:57:03,080 undefined undefined 678 00:57:05,280 --> 00:57:08,920 undefined undefined 679 00:57:08,920 --> 00:57:14,560 undefined undefined 680 00:57:17,520 --> 00:57:20,080 undefined undefined 681 00:57:20,080 --> 00:57:23,400 undefined undefined 682 00:57:23,400 --> 00:57:28,480 undefined undefined 683 00:57:28,480 --> 00:57:30,880 undefined undefined 684 00:57:36,440 --> 00:57:38,920 undefined undefined 685 00:57:38,920 --> 00:57:44,520 undefined undefined 686 00:57:44,520 --> 00:57:47,040 undefined undefined 687 00:57:47,040 --> 00:57:49,800 undefined 688 00:57:49,800 --> 00:57:51,400 undefined 689 00:57:53,280 --> 00:57:58,000 undefined undefined 690 00:57:58,000 --> 00:58:01,760 undefined undefined 691 00:58:05,720 --> 00:58:09,320 undefined undefined 692 00:58:09,320 --> 00:58:13,640 undefined undefined 693 00:58:13,640 --> 00:58:17,600 undefined undefined 694 00:58:21,200 --> 00:58:22,520 undefined